Which of the following are considered non-tariff barriers (NTBs) to trade?

Which of the following are considered non-tariff barriers (NTBs) to trade?

• A. Only import quotas and local content requirements
• B. Import quotas, subsidies, and anti-dumping duties
• C. Only administrative procedures and anti-dumping duties
• D. Customs duties and trade agreements

Answer: (B)

Non-tariff barriers (NTBs) to trade are regulatory measures other than tariffs that countries use to control the amount of trade across their borders. The correct choice includes a variety of measures that fall under the umbrella of NTBs, specifically import quotas, subsidies, and anti-dumping duties. Import quotas limit the quantity of a certain product that can be imported into a country, effectively restricting trade. Subsidies can undermine foreign competition by supporting domestic industries, allowing them to sell products at lower prices than their international counterparts. Anti-dumping duties are imposed to protect domestic industries from unfair competition by discouraging the sale of foreign products at prices below their market value. All of these tools serve to modify trade flows without manipulating simple tariffs. The other options either include only a limited range of NTBs or incorrectly categorize certain measures. For example, customs duties are tariffs and therefore do not qualify as non-tariff barriers. Trade agreements, while regulatory frameworks influencing trade flow, are not classified as NTBs themselves. This distinction is essential in understanding how countries create barriers beyond simple import taxes, as they can substantially affect international trade and competition.

Non-tariff barriers (NTBs) to trade are regulatory measures other than tariffs that countries use to control the amount of trade across their borders. The correct choice includes a variety of measures that fall under the umbrella of NTBs, specifically import quotas, subsidies, and anti-dumping duties.

Import quotas limit the quantity of a certain product that can be imported into a country, effectively restricting trade. Subsidies can undermine foreign competition by supporting domestic industries, allowing them to sell products at lower prices than their international counterparts. Anti-dumping duties are imposed to protect domestic industries from unfair competition by discouraging the sale of foreign products at prices below their market value. All of these tools serve to modify trade flows without manipulating simple tariffs.

The other options either include only a limited range of NTBs or incorrectly categorize certain measures. For example, customs duties are tariffs and therefore do not qualify as non-tariff barriers. Trade agreements, while regulatory frameworks influencing trade flow, are not classified as NTBs themselves. This distinction is essential in understanding how countries create barriers beyond simple import taxes, as they can substantially affect international trade and competition.