Which of the following is NOT included in intellectual property rights (IPRs)?

Which of the following is NOT included in intellectual property rights (IPRs)?

• A. Patents
• B. Licenses
• C. Trademarks
• D. Copyrights

Answer: (B)

Intellectual property rights (IPRs) are legal protections granted to creators and inventors to safeguard their creations, inventions, brand names, and artistic works. These rights enable individuals and businesses to maintain control over their intellectual outputs and benefit commercially from them. Patents, trademarks, and copyrights are all formal types of intellectual property rights. Patents provide protection for inventions and processes, trademarks protect brand names and logos that distinguish goods and services, and copyrights safeguard original works of authorship such as literature, music, and art. Licenses, on the other hand, are agreements that grant permission to use someone else's intellectual property. They do not represent a type of intellectual property themselves but rather a way to convey rights concerning IP. A license allows the licensee to use or exploit the intellectual property held by the licensor, usually under certain conditions. Therefore, licenses are not considered a form of intellectual property right; they are mechanisms through which IP rights can be shared or sold.

Intellectual property rights (IPRs) are legal protections granted to creators and inventors to safeguard their creations, inventions, brand names, and artistic works. These rights enable individuals and businesses to maintain control over their intellectual outputs and benefit commercially from them.

Patents, trademarks, and copyrights are all formal types of intellectual property rights. Patents provide protection for inventions and processes, trademarks protect brand names and logos that distinguish goods and services, and copyrights safeguard original works of authorship such as literature, music, and art.

Licenses, on the other hand, are agreements that grant permission to use someone else's intellectual property. They do not represent a type of intellectual property themselves but rather a way to convey rights concerning IP. A license allows the licensee to use or exploit the intellectual property held by the licensor, usually under certain conditions. Therefore, licenses are not considered a form of intellectual property right; they are mechanisms through which IP rights can be shared or sold.